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Cleanroom
A cleanroom or clean room is an environment, typically used in manufacturing or scientific research, with a low level of environmental pollutants such as dust, airborne microbes, aerosol particles, and chemical vapors. More accurately, a cleanroom has a controlled level of contamination that is specified by the number of particles per cubic meter at a specified particle size. To give perspective, the ambient air outside in a typical urban environment contains 35,000,000 particles per cubic meter in the size range 0.5 μm and larger in diameter, corresponding to an ISO 9 cleanroom, while an ISO 1 cleanroom allows no particles in that size range and only 12 particles per cubic meter of 0.3 μm and smaller.
In the pharmaceutical industry, clean rooms play a crucial role in the manufacturing of pharmaceutical products which are required to be free from microbial and particulate contamination and protected from moisture. Such pharmaceutical products are manufactured and manipulated in cleanrooms, which are fitted with HEPA and, if required, ULPA filters as well as dehumidifier systems.〔(Clean Room Guidelines for Pharma Industry )〕
==History==
The modern cleanroom was invented by American physicist Willis Whitfield. An employee of the Sandia National Laboratories, Whitfield created the initial plans for the cleanroom in 1960.〔 Prior to Whitfield's invention, earlier cleanrooms often had problems with particles and unpredictable airflows. Whitfield designed his cleanroom with a constant, highly filtered air flow to flush out impurities.〔 Within a few years of its invention in the 1960s, Whitfield's modern cleanroom had generated more than $50 billion in sales worldwide. The cleanroom eventually entered the hospital industry in the United Kingdom, primarily in hospital pharmacies.〔(World at work: Hospital pharmacy clean‐rooms )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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